1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
SYNAREL®
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Solution containing 2mg/ml of nafarelin (as acetate) supplied in bottles fitted with a metered spray pump that delivers 200 micrograms of nafarelin base per spray.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Nasal spray
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
The hormonal management of endometriosis, including pain relief and reduction of endometriotic lesions.
Use in controlled ovarian stimulation programmes prior to in-vitro fertilisation, under the supervision of an infertility specialist.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Adult: Synarel is for administration by the intranasal route only.
Experience with the treatment of endometriosis has been limited to women 18 years of age and older.
Endometriosis: In the use of Synarel in endometriosis, the aim is to induce chronic pituitary desensitisation, which gives a menopause-like state maintained over many months.
The recommended daily dose of Synarel is 200 mcg taken twice daily as one spray (200 mcg of nafarelin) to one nostril in the morning and one spray into the other nostril in the evening (400 mcg/day). Treatment should be started between days 2 and 4 of the menstrual cycle. The recommended duration of therapy is six months; only one 6-month course is advised. In clinical studies the majority of women have only received up to six-months treatment with Synarel.
Controlled ovarian stimulation prior to in vitro fertilisation: In the use of Synarel associated with controlled ovarian stimulation prior to in vitro fertilisation, the long protocol should be employed, whereby Synarel is continued through a period of transient gonadotrophin stimulation lasting 10-15 days (the 'flare effect') through to pituitary desensitisation (down-regulation). Down-regulation may be defined as serum oestradiol
The recommended daily dose of Synarel is 400 mcg taken twice daily as one spray to each nostril in the morning, and one spray to each nostril in the evening (800 mcg/day).
Once down-regulation is achieved, controlled ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins, e.g. hMG, is commenced, and the Synarel dosage maintained until the administration of hCG at follicular maturity (usually a further 8-12 days).
If patients do not down-regulate within 12 weeks of starting Synarel, it is recommended that Synarel therapy be discontinued and the cycle cancelled.
Treatment may begin in either the early follicular phase (day 2) or the mid-luteal phase (usually day 21).
If the use of a nasal decongestant is required at the time of nafarelin administration, it is recommended that the nasal decongestant be used at least 30 minutes after nafarelin dosing.
Sneezing during or immediately after dosing may impair absorption of Synarel. If sneezing occurs upon administration, repeating the dose may be advisable.
Bottles contain either 30 or 60 doses and should not be used for a greater number of doses. The 60 dose-unit bottle is sufficient for 30 days' treatment at 400mcg (2 sprays) per day, and 15 days treatment at 800mcg (4 sprays) per day.
The 30 dose-unit bottle is sufficient for 15 days' treatment at 400mcg (2 sprays) per day, and 7 days' treatment at 800mcg (4 sprays) per day. Patients should therefore be advised that continued use after this time may result in delivery of an insufficient amount of nafarelin.
4.3 Contraindications
A small loss of trabecula bone mineral content occurs during 6 months treatment with nafarelin. Although this is mostly reversible within 6 months of stopping treatment, there are no data on the effects of repeat courses on bone loss. Retreatment with Synarel or use for longer than 6 months is, therefore, not recommended. (See Side-effects section on 'Changes in bone density').
Synarel should not be administered to patients who:
1. are hypersensitive to GnRH, GnRH agonist analogues or any of the excipients in Synarel;
2. have undiagnosed vaginal bleeding;
3. are pregnant or may become pregnant whilst taking Synarel (see 'use in pregnancy and lactation');
4. are breast-feeding.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
When regularly used at the recommended dose, nafarelin inhibits ovulation. Patients should be advised to use non-hormonal, barrier methods of contraception. In the event of missed doses there may be breakthrough ovulation and a potential for conception. If a patient becomes pregnant during treatment, administration of the drug must be discontinued and the patient must be informed of a potential risk to fetal development. NB Synarel treatment will be stopped at least 3 days before fertilised embryos are placed in the uterine cavity.
As with other drugs in this class ovarian cysts have been reported to occur in the first two months of therapy with Synarel. Many, but not all, of these events occurred in patients with polycystic ovarian disease. These cystic enlargements may resolve spontaneously, generally by about four to six weeks of therapy, but in some cases may require discontinuation of drug and/or surgical intervention.
Controlled ovarian stimulation prior to in vitro fertilisation; Transient ovarian cyst formation is a recognised complication of GnRH agonist use. These cysts tend to regress spontaneously over a number of weeks and are more common when GnRH agonists are commenced in the follicular phase of the cycle.
There are no clinical data available on the use of Synarel in ovulation induction regimens involving patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Caution is advised in this patient group as they are at greater risk of excessive follicular recruitment when undergoing ovulation induction regimes.
Administration of nafarelin in therapeutic doses results in suppression of the pituitary-gonadal system. Normal function is usually restored within 8 weeks after treatment is discontinued. Diagnostic tests of pituitary-gonadal function conducted during the treatment and up to 8 weeks after discontinuation of nafarelin therapy may therefore be misleading.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Nafarelin would not be expected to participate in pharmacokinetic-based drug-drug interactions because degradation of the compound is primarily by the action of peptidases not cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Additionally, because nafarelin is only about 80% bound to plasma proteins (albumin), drug interactions at the protein-binding level would not be expected to occur.
Rhinitis does not impair nasal absorption of nafarelin. Nasal decongestants used 30 minutes before nafarelin administration decrease absorption.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
When administered intramuscularly to rats on days 6-15 of pregnancy at doses of 0.4, 1.6 and 6.4 mcg/kg/day (0.6, 2.5 and 10.0 times the intranasal human dose of 400mcg per day), 4/80 fetuses in the highest dose group had major fetal abnormalities that were not seen in a repeat study in rats. Moreover, studies in mice and rabbits failed to demonstrate an increase in fetal abnormalities. In rats, there was a dose-related increase in fetal mortality, and a decrease in fetal weight with the highest dose. These effects on rat fetal mortality are logical consequences of the alterations in hormonal levels brought about by nafarelin in this species.
Use of nafarelin in human pregnancy has not been studied.
Synarel should not therefore be used during pregnancy or suspected pregnancy. Before starting treatment with Synarel pregnancy must be excluded. If a patient becomes pregnant during treatment, administration of the drug must be discontinued and the patient must be informed of a potential risk to fetal development.
Controlled ovarian stimulation prior to in vitro fertilisation: Pregnancy should be excluded before starting treatment with Synarel, and the medication should be stopped on the day of administration of hCG. Barrier methods of contraception should be employed whilst Synarel is being taken.
It is not known whether or to what extent nafarelin is excreted into human breast milk. The effects, if any on the breast-fed child have not been determined and therefore Synarel should not be used by breast-feeding women.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Not applicable.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
In approximately 0.2% of adult patients, symptoms suggestive of drug sensitivity, such as shortness of breath, chest pain, urticaria, rash and pruritus have occurred.
As would be expected with a drug which lowers serum oestradiol levels to menopausal concentrations the most frequently reported adverse reactions are those related to hypo-oestrogenism.
In controlled studies of nafarelin 400mcg/day, adverse reactions that were most frequently reported are listed in order of decreasing frequency; hot flushes, changes in libido, vaginal dryness, headaches, emotional lability, acne, myalgia, decreased breast size and irritation of the nasal mucosa.
During post-marketing surveillance, depression, paraesthesia, alopecia, migraine, palpitations, blurred vision have been reported. Emotional lability and depression would be expected with a drug that towers serum oestradiol to post-menopausal levels.
Changes in bone density: After six months of Synarel treatment there was a reduction in vertebral trabecular bone density and total vertebral mass, averaging about 9% and 4%, respectively. There was very little, if any, decrease in the mineral content of compact bone of the distal radius and second metacarpal. Substantial recovery of bone occurred during the post-treatment period. Total vertebral bone mass, measured by dual photon absorptiometry (DPA), decreased by a mean of about 6% at the end of treatment. Mean total vertebral mass, re-examined by DPA six months after completion of treatment, was 1.4% below pretreatment levels. These changes are similar to those which occur during treatment with other GnRH agonists.
Carcinogenesis/mutagenesis: As seen with other GnRH agonists, nafarelin given parenterally in high doses to laboratory rodents for prolonged periods induced hyperplasia and neoplasia of endocrine organs, including the anterior pituitary (adenoma/carcinoma) of both mice and rats; tumours of the pancreatic islets, adrenal medulla, testes and ovaries occurred only in long-term studies in rats. No metastases of these tumours were observed. Monkeys treated with high doses of nafarelin for one year did not develop any tumours or proliferative changes. Experience in humans is limited but there is no evidence for tumorigenesis of GnRH analogues in human beings.
In vitro studies conducted in bacterial and mammalian systems provided no indication of a mutagenic potential for nafarelin.
Impairment of fertility: Reproduction studies in rats of both sexes have shown full reversibility of fertility suppression when drug treatment was discontinued after continuous administration for up to six months.
Laboratory values: Increased levels of SGOT/SGPT and serum alkaline phosphatase may rarely occur which are reversible on discontinuing treatment.
4.9 Overdose
In animals, subcutaneous administration of up to 60 times the recommended human dose (expressed on a mcg/kg basis) had no adverse effects. Orally-administered nafarelin is subject to enzymatic degradation in the gastro-intestinal tract and is therefore inactive. At present there is no clinical experience with overdosage of nafarelin.
Based on studies in monkeys, nafarelin is not absorbed after oral administration.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Nafarelin is a potent agonistic analogue of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH). Given as a single dose, nafarelin stimulates release of the pituitary gonadotrophins, LH and FSH, with consequent increase of ovarian and testicular steroidogenesis. During repeated dosing this response to stimulation gradually diminishes. Within three to four weeks, daily administration leads to decreased pituitary gonadotrophin secretion and/or the secretion of gonadotrophin secretion and/or the secretion of gonadotrophins with lowered biological activity. There is a consequent suppression of gonadal steroidogenesis and inhibition of functions in tissues that depend on gonadal steroids for their maintenance.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Nafarelin is rapidly absorbed into the circulation after intranasal administration. Maximum plasma concentration is achieved 20 minutes after dosing and the plasma half-life is approximately 4 hours. Bioavailability of the intranasal dose averages 2.8% (range 1.2-5.6%).
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
This is discussed in Section 4.8 undesirable effects.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Synarel contains:
Sorbitol, benzalkonium chloride, glacial acetic acid and water.
Sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid to adjust pH.
6.2 Incompatibilities
None stated.
6.3 Shelf Life
The shelf life of Synarel is 2 years.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Store upright below 25oC. Avoid heat above 30oC. Protect from light and freezing.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
White, high density polyethylene bottles with a 0.1ml metered spray pump, containing 6.5ml or 10ml.
PVC-coated glass bottles with an internal conical reservoir in the base and a valois pump, with either an aluminium crimp-on cap or a polypropylene snap-on cap, containing 4ml or 8ml.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
None.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Pharmacia Limited
Ransgate Road
Sandwich
Kent CT13 9NJ
UK
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 00032/0421
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
13 August 2003
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
July 2007
11. LEGAL CATEGORY
POM
Company Ref: SL2_0
No comments:
Post a Comment